An operating system is the foundation of modern computing. Every computer, smartphone, server, cloud platform, and embedded device depends on an operating system to manage hardware resources and provide an efficient environment for applications.

Operating Systems Unlocked: Concepts, Structures, and Practical Approaches (VOL-I) provides a structured and comprehensive introduction to the fundamental principles behind operating systems.

The book is designed to move beyond memorizing definitions. It explains how operating systems work, why specific algorithms are required, and how different OS components interact with one another.

From process creation and CPU scheduling to synchronization, deadlock management, memory allocation, and virtual memory, readers develop a strong conceptual foundation that can be applied to academic examinations, programming, system design, and technical interviews.

What This Book Covers

The book covers eight major chapters that establish a strong foundation in Operating Systems.

Chapter 1: Introduction to Operating Systems

The book begins by introducing the fundamental role of an operating system.

Readers explore:

Definition and purpose of operating systems
Evolution of operating systems
Batch operating systems
Time-sharing systems
Real-time operating systems
Distributed operating systems
Mobile operating systems
Operating systems as resource managers
Operating system services
System calls
User interfaces
Monolithic architecture
Layered architecture
Microkernel architecture
Modular operating systems

This chapter helps readers understand the architecture and responsibilities of an operating system.

Chapter 2: Process Management

Processes are central to operating-system execution.

This chapter explains:

Process concepts
Process states
Process state transitions
Process Control Block (PCB)
Process scheduling
Long-term scheduler
Short-term scheduler
Medium-term scheduler
Context switching
Process creation and termination
Process operations
Interprocess Communication (IPC)

The chapter establishes the foundation required to understand CPU scheduling and concurrent execution.

Chapter 3: Threads and Concurrency

Modern applications frequently execute multiple tasks concurrently.

This chapter explores:

Processes vs. threads
User-level threads
Kernel-level threads
Benefits of multithreading
Thread libraries
POSIX threads
Java thread concepts
One-to-One model
Many-to-One model
Many-to-Many model
Introduction to concurrency problems

Readers gain an understanding of why multithreading is important for responsive and efficient applications.

Chapter 4: CPU Scheduling

CPU scheduling determines how processes receive processor time.

The chapter introduces important scheduling concepts and algorithms, including:

Scheduling terminology
Scheduling criteria
First-Come, First-Served (FCFS)
Shortest Job First (SJF)
Priority Scheduling
Round Robin
Multilevel Queue Scheduling
Preemptive scheduling
Non-preemptive scheduling
Waiting time
Turnaround time
Response time
Throughput
Scheduling performance evaluation

A particularly useful feature is the inclusion of Gantt-chart-based analysis and numerical examples, helping students understand how scheduling algorithms work step by step.

Chapter 5: Process Synchronization

When multiple processes or threads share resources, synchronization becomes essential.

This chapter covers:

Critical Section Problem
Peterson’s Solution
Bakery Algorithm
Hardware synchronization support
Semaphores
Mutexes
Monitors
Bounded Buffer Problem
Readers-Writers Problem
Dining Philosophers Problem

The chapter helps readers understand how operating systems prevent inconsistent results and coordinate concurrent activities.

Chapter 6: Deadlock Management

Deadlocks are among the most important resource-management problems in operating systems.

Readers learn:

Deadlock definition
Deadlock characterization
Necessary conditions
Mutual exclusion
Hold and wait
No preemption
Circular wait
Resource Allocation Graph
Deadlock prevention
Deadlock avoidance
Deadlock detection
Deadlock recovery
Banker’s Algorithm

Special attention is given to Banker’s Algorithm and resource-allocation concepts, making this chapter valuable for both university examinations and technical interviews.

Chapter 7: Memory Management

Memory management is one of the core responsibilities of an operating system.

This chapter explains:

Logical address space
Physical address space
Address translation
Swapping
Contiguous memory allocation
Paging
Page tables
Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB)
Segmentation
Internal fragmentation
External fragmentation
Virtual memory fundamentals

Readers learn how operating systems efficiently allocate and manage memory among multiple processes.

Chapter 8: Virtual Memory and Page Replacement

The final chapter focuses on virtual memory and the techniques used to manage page faults and limited physical memory.

Topics include:

Demand paging
Page-fault handling
Page replacement
FIFO algorithm
LRU algorithm
Optimal page replacement
Clock algorithm
Thrashing
Working Set Model
Memory-mapped files
Shared memory

The chapter provides a strong foundation for understanding how modern operating systems can execute programs whose memory requirements exceed available physical memory.

Key Benefits of Studying This Book

1. Strong Conceptual Foundation

The book explains fundamental OS concepts systematically, helping readers develop a clear understanding before moving toward advanced topics.

2. Algorithm-Oriented Learning

Important operating-system algorithms are explained in a structured manner, including:

CPU scheduling algorithms
Synchronization algorithms
Banker’s Algorithm
Page replacement algorithms

3. Numerical and Problem-Solving Approach

Topics such as CPU scheduling, deadlocks, paging, and page replacement are particularly suitable for numerical practice and examination preparation.

4. Academic and Professional Relevance

The book is useful for university courses as well as technical interview preparation.

5. Easy-to-Follow Structure

Complex operating-system concepts are divided into smaller topics with logical progression.

6. Practical Understanding

Instead of focusing exclusively on theoretical definitions, the book emphasizes how operating-system mechanisms work in practical computing environments.

What You Will Learn

After studying this book, readers will be able to:

✔ Explain the purpose and functions of an operating system

✔ Understand different OS architectures

✔ Describe process states and process management

✔ Understand Process Control Blocks

✔ Explain process scheduling mechanisms

✔ Differentiate processes and threads

✔ Understand multithreading models

✔ Solve CPU scheduling problems

✔ Analyze Gantt charts

✔ Understand synchronization mechanisms

✔ Apply semaphore and mutex concepts

✔ Explain classical synchronization problems

✔ Identify deadlock conditions

✔ Understand deadlock prevention and avoidance

✔ Apply Banker’s Algorithm

✔ Understand memory allocation techniques

✔ Explain paging and segmentation

✔ Understand page tables and TLB

✔ Calculate page replacement behavior

✔ Compare FIFO, LRU, Optimal, and Clock algorithms

✔ Understand virtual memory and demand paging

✔ Analyze common operating-system performance issues

Who Should Read This Book?

This book is especially suitable for:

BCA Students
MCA Students
B.Tech / BE Students
M.Tech Students
Computer Science Students
Information Technology Students
Software Engineering Students
Computer Science Faculty
Programming Learners
System Programming Students
UGC-NET Computer Science Aspirants
GATE Computer Science Aspirants
Technical Interview Candidates
IT Professionals
Computer Science Researchers

Academic Use

The book can serve as a reference for courses covering:

Operating Systems
System Software
Computer Architecture
Computer Networks
Concurrent Programming
System Programming
Advanced Operating Systems
Computer Science Fundamentals

It can also be useful for preparing conceptual and numerical questions related to CPU scheduling, synchronization, deadlocks, memory management, paging, and virtual memory.

Core Topics at a Glance

Operating Systems → Processes → Threads → CPU Scheduling → Synchronization → Deadlocks → Memory Management → Virtual Memory → Page Replacement

This progression gives readers a complete foundation for understanding the major mechanisms through which operating systems manage computing resources.

Book Details

Book Title: Operating Systems Unlocked: Concepts, Structures, and Practical Approaches

Volume: VOL-I

Subject: Operating Systems / Computer Science

Level: Undergraduate to Postgraduate

Author: Anshuman Mishra

Publication Year: 2025

Format: Academic / Technical Reference Book

CPU Scheduling

Operating system unlocked VOL-1